To be concise, a cipher described in the above context refers to the field of cryptography. Cryptography as applied to the control system is the practice and technique for securing data communications ...

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First, we attempt to encrypt a plaintext message using the Vigenère Algorithm and a fixed-length encryption key. Afterward, we experiment with the decryption of the produced cipher using Kasiski's ...

The Price to Earnings (P/E) ratio, a key valuation measure, is calculated by dividing the stock's most recent closing price by the sum of the diluted earnings per share from continuing operations ...