is widely used – for example, it has been adopted for the GSM standard for mobile telecommunications. It is derived from a modulation scheme known as Minimum Shift Keying (MSK), which is what is known ...

Amateur radio operators are familiar with dozens of other modulation schemes, but there’s one hardly anyone touches. Phase modulation is weird and almost unheard of, but that doesn’t mean you ...

3. Modulation can be represented without time domain waveforms. For example, QPSK can be represented with a phasor diagram (a) or a constellation diagram (b), both of which indicate phase and ...

In practice, anomalies in the modulation process can cause the carrier frequency to vary slightly with the video signal level. The resulting time-varying frequency, and thus varying phase of the ...

This study demonstrates a compact optical modulation platform that enables real-time, high-resolution spectroscopy using sub-MHz interleaved combs generated via chip-scale acousto-optic phase ...