Costs have come down, enabling common everyday folks to equip themselves ... machines used to study and create biological and chemical compounds. These machines include DNA and protein ...

The chemical formula of a covalent molecular substance gives the number of atoms per molecule. The formula of a covalent network or ionic compound gives the simplest ratio of atoms/ions in the ...

The formula of an ionic compound can be deduced from the formulae of its ions. Remember that for the metal elements in groups 1, 2, and 3 the charge on the ion can be deduced by how many outer ...