In nature, species will sometimes form unexpectedly close bonds and work to their mutual benefit. Symbiotic relationships are the close associations formed between pairs of species. They come in a ...

This alliance is an example of mutualism, a form of symbiosis, an intimate relationship between different organisms whose survival depends on one another. Other examples include bacteria that ...

Mutualistic interactions are mutually beneficial species interactions. Plant-pollinator mutualisms are particularly important, and involve nearly 170,000 plant and 200,000 animal species.

Like predation and competition, recognition of mutualisms' functional responses and consumer-resource interactions provides new insights into their density-dependent population dynamics.