More information: X C Abrevaya et al, An experimental study of the biological impact of a superflare on the TRAPPIST-1 planets, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (2024).

and that between c and d is 5:3. "This narrow discrepancy in the outcome of Trappist-1's assembly is puzzling and represents ...

Although TRAPPIST-1, a typical red dwarf star has a mass of only about 10% the mass of the Sun and a surface temperature of ...