Attachment of bacteria and biofilm formation on membrane surfaces are major impediments to the efficient operation of reverse osmosis (RO ... in the previous section. Suspended culture (20 ...

A high-pressure pump then pumps the raw water to the RO membrane where the flow splits into two: the permeate, which is the purified water, and the concentrate which is now highly concentrated raw ...

A cell membrane is illustrated to show the surface ... Lipids, or fats, are in yellow. In this cross section, an ion channel associates with a lipid raft. The function of the lipid structures ...