Instead, they had to pay in silver. To keep control of trade and the foreigners arriving, the Qing government only let European traders land at the port of Guangzhou (Canton), and Europeans could ...

After the fall of the Ming, he repeatedly refused official positions in the Qing government and devoted himself to literary pursuits. The Gu Yanwu Memorial on Baoguosi (Recompense the Country ...

In 1899, he was appointed chief bishop of French Catholicism in Beijing. The Qing Government granted him the official uniform of the second rank as an indication of courteous reception.