To test for frozen shoulder, evaluate active and passive ranges of motion, especially external rotation. Painful, limited external rotation is a strong indication of adhesive capsulitis.

Researchers measured bilateral standard shoulder internal and external rotation in degrees using a bubble goniometer with the scapulothoracic joint manually stabilized. Bilateral humeral torsion ...

Perspective from Matthew T. Provencher, MD, MC, CDR USN “Shoulder injury is associated with less external rotation in the pitching arm and increased number of practices pitched,” Kristen L.